Laird Technologies, Inc.’s application note, “Thermoelectric Modules for Charge-Coupled Devices,” describes the reason Thermoelectric Modules (TEMs) are the only effective thermal management solution for Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) used in astronomy, night vision, high-speed, medical, and quality control camera applications. TEMs comply with the excessively tight space constraints associated with CCDs operating in vacuum environments by cooling the camera detector heads. They also dissipate the thermally generated charge created as a by-product by the detector head when it collects an image. Cooling the detector head reduces or eliminates thermal noise and allows for longer exposure times, resulting in an increased resolution of the image.