When selecting a sensor, one should consider whether the environment in which it is to be used will cause a measurement error. As part of this series on thermocouples, this article discusses a few environmental effects that can alter the structure of the materials that make up a thermocouple and thereby affect their accuracy. This degradation of thermocouple accuracy is … [Read more...]
Simulation of Solder Fatigue Effects on Typical BGA Package due to Material and Temperature Variations – Part 1
Abstract The past two decades have seen many approaches to solder fatigue and solder joint life published. This subject has proved difficult as various failure mechanisms are proposed and examined. While these theoretical bases are discussed, it often leaves the end developer in a difficult situation as to how to apply an accurate simulation approach to fatigue failure for a … [Read more...]
Theta-JC Measurements: Steady-State Compared to Transient Methods
Thermal characterization plays a vital role in electronic package reliability testing, design, and verification of manufacturing processes. The reliability of electronic packages is controlled, in part, by ensuring the maximum junction temperature is not exceeded during operation. Systems such as cell phones, electric vehicles and computers, must operate with die temperatures … [Read more...]
Power Density In the Context of Two-Phase Immersion Cooling
Abstract Data centers face challenges in balancing space and power, with studies showing that when power density exceeds 7kW per rack, IT equipment space utilization drops to 50%. Traditional cooling methods are reaching limits due to increasing demands from deep learning and AI, necessitating more space. Two-phase immersion cooling offers simplicity and cost savings … [Read more...]
Thermocouple Transient Behavior
Previous articles in this series described how thermocouple wire size [1] and thermocouple attachment method [2] can affect steady state temperature measurements. This article briefly discusses how these factors can affect the transient response of thermocouples when used to monitor temperatures that change value over time. Bare Thermocouple Junction Before addressing … [Read more...]
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